Plume Layer Influences the Amazon Reef Sponge Microbiome Primary Producers

Symbiont relationships between corals and photosynthetic microorganisms sustain coral reef existence. However, the Great Amazon Reef System (GARS) stays under a plume layer that attenuates entry of light, instead corals, sponges are major epifauna, for which little is known about function associated microbiome. Here, we used genome-resolved metagenomics to investigate how sponge microbiome supports its host overcomes reduced light availability, recovering 205 MAGs from Agelas Geodia with completeness >70% contamination <10%. Beta diversity estimates based on 16S rRNA genes indicated microbiomes Caribbean be distinct (P<0.01), heterotrophic lifestyles being prevalent in (P<0.05). Nevertheless, indicating carbon fixation pathways 3-Hydroxypropionate/4-Hydroxybutyrate cycle, 3-Hydroxypropionate bicycle, Reductive Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle, Calvin-Benson-Bassham cycle could recovered low abundance. The presence Cyanobacteria, represented by both analyses low-quality incidence reef. metabolic profile shows GARS had sulfate reduction, sulfur oxidation, nitric oxide ammonia nitrate nitrite ammonification, might play role detoxification holobiont. We conclude, neither plume-limited photosynthesis nor primary producers organic input sponges, likely live off plume-associated their microbiota.